ABSTRACT
Para lograr una comunicación efectiva durante una conferencia o presentación, es necesario seguir reglas simples, que incluyen la preparación de la conferencia con el auditorio en mente y con la definición de un mensaje específico para dejar a la audiencia. Debe capturarse pronto la atención del público y todas las acciones posteriores deben ir encaminadas a mantenerla. Los textos deben ser precisos y con tamaños fácilmente visibles, las diapositivas deben ofrecer buen contraste, con fondos sólidos y simples y deben evitarse las animaciones excesivas. Al cierre de la conferencia, las conclusiones y la sesión de preguntas ofrecen la oportunidad invaluable de reforzar el mensaje que se quería dejar.
To communicate effectively during a lecture or presentation it is necessary to follow simple rules, including the preparation of the conference with the audience in mind and with the definition of a specific message to leave the audience. The public's attention should be quickly captured and all subsequent actions should aim to keep it. The text must be accurate and sizes easily visible, the slides should provide good contrast with solid and simple backgrounds and should avoid excessive animations. At the close of the conference, the conclusions and question session offers the invaluable opportunity to reinforce the desired message.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Magnesium Compounds/chemistry , Nephrostomy, Percutaneous/adverse effects , Phosphates/chemistry , Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology , Urolithiasis/microbiology , Urolithiasis/surgery , Cohort Studies , Calcium Oxalate/chemistry , Calcium Phosphates/chemistry , Incidence , Nephrostomy, Percutaneous/methods , Postoperative Care , Preoperative Care , Prognosis , Prospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Urinalysis , Uric Acid/chemistry , Urinary Tract Infections/epidemiology , Urinary Tract Infections/etiology , Urinary Tract Infections/physiopathology , Urolithiasis/complications , Urolithiasis/diagnosisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Studies that evaluate the effect of age on stone composition are scarce. The aim of this study was to highlight the changes in epidemiological characteristics (stone composition and location) of urolithiasis according to patients' age. METHODS: We studied 1,301 urolithiasis patients with age ranging from 6 months to 92 yr (781 males and 520 females). Stone analysis was performed using a stereomicroscope and infrared spectroscopy to determine the morphological type and molecular composition of each stone. RESULTS: The annual average incidence of new stone formation was 31.7 per 100,000 persons. In 71.8% of cases, calculi were located in the upper urinary tract. Compared to other age groups, children and old men were more affected by bladder stones. Calcium oxalate monohydrate was the most frequent stone component, even though its frequency decreased with age (59.5% in young adults and 43.7% in the elderly, P<0.05) in favor of an increase in uric acid stones (11.5% in young adults and 36.4% in the elderly, P<0.05). Struvite stones were rare (3.8%) and more frequent in children than in adults. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of these data showed that urinary stones in Tunisian patients are tending to evolve in the same direction as the stones in patients from industrialized countries.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Age Factors , Calcium Oxalate/chemistry , Kidney Calculi/chemistry , Magnesium Compounds/chemistry , Phosphates/chemistry , Retrospective Studies , Spectrophotometry, Infrared , Tunisia/epidemiology , Uric Acid/chemistry , Urinary Bladder Calculi/chemistry , Urinary Calculi/chemistryABSTRACT
Formation of urinary stone is a serious and debilitating problem throughout the world. In the present study, the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of root of Rotula aquatica was investigated against struvite crystals (one of the components of urinary stone) grown in vitro using single diffusion gel growth technique. For setting the gel, sodium metasilicate solution (specific gravity 1.05) and 0.5 M aqueous solution of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate were mixed, so that the pH of the mixture could be set at 7.0. Equal amounts of supernatant solution of magnesium acetate (1.0 M) prepared with 0.0%, 0.5% and 1% concentrations of the extract were gently poured on the set gels. It was observed that the number, dimension, total mass, total volume, growth rate and depth of growth of struvite crystals decreased with the increasing extract concentrations in the supernatant solutions. The enhancement of dissolution rate and fragmentation of struvite crystals suggested potential application of the extract for inhibition of struvite type urinary stone.